代词——名词的替身,身后的影子!《成人英语语法简译本》章节四


作者介绍大家好!我是关注大家英语学习的陈老师,一个有温度的英语老师!一个诠释语言背后的逻辑,教你用汉语学英语的老师!
从教十余年,看到太多人因为学英语而痛苦不堪,有没有一种方法真正能让普通初中文凭的成年人也能学懂这门语言,少走弯路?我认为是有的!


逻辑支持名词的重要性不言而喻,在英语十大词类(介冠形名代 情副动数连 )中名词跟其它词类到底有什么样的关系是需要了解的。
代词,顾名思义是代替名词的词,既然是代替名词的词那么它就可以 当作名词来用。但是代词也可出现在限定词里面来限定名词的数量( that/those/some/many/),还可以限定名词的指代关系(his/her/ its)和限定名词的顺序(the second floor)。
代词是名词的替身,从头到脚把自己献给了名词,自己甘愿活在名词的影子里,以至于很多时候学习者根本搞不清代词到底是什么。
本文部分例句摘自《杨亮通俗英语语法》,请读者关注 杨亮讲英文


代词概述
人称代词
主格:i you he she it we they
宾格:me you him her it us them

物主代词
形容词性:my your his her its our their(限定中心名词的所属关系)
名词性:mine yours his hers its ours theirs(相当于名词,my cat=mine)

反身代词
分类:myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
搭配:by oneself/enjoy
代词——名词的替身,身后的影子!《成人英语语法简译本》章节四插图
oneself/for oneself/help oneself to(主语宾语相同时使用)

指示代词
this/that; these/those;such/so;the same(限定中心名词的数量,表特指)
it/that/one的区别(不定冠词a/an是one的简写;定冠词the是that/those的简写)

疑问代词
人用who/whom、which;物只能用which;whom只能作宾格;
what可以对不可数名词提问;which可与of+可数名词复数连用

不定代词
some/any;all/both;either/neither/each;other(s)/the other(s)/another;(a)few;
(a)little;many/much(限定中心名词的数量,也可省略中心名词自己作主语)


反身代词主语宾语是同一个事物,宾语用反身代词。
i am getting older. i can look after myself.我长大了/我能照顾我自己了。

反身代词在句中作同位语,起加强语气的作用,表示“亲自,本人”,通常跟在名词、代词之后,或位于句尾。作主语的同位语,有时为了使句子平衡而把同位语放在句子末尾。
i can finish the work myself.我能自己完成工作。
i myself will do it.我本人将做这件事情。

反身代词在句中作主语补语,常与系动词be,look,feel,seem等连用,表示或描述一种感觉、情绪或状态。
i don’t feel myself today.我今天感到不舒服。

反身代词的搭配
by oneself 独自 or oneself 亲自 teach oneself/learn…by oneself自学
look after oneself 照顾自己 enjoy oneself 玩得开心
help oneself to… 随便吃点 keep…to oneself
代词——名词的替身,身后的影子!《成人英语语法简译本》章节四插图(1)
保守秘密
dress oneself自己穿衣服


it指天气、环境、时间、季节和距离等
it is early spring, but it is already very hot.现在是初春,但天气已经很热了。

指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明的人
—who is it knocking on the door? 谁在敲门?—it might be tom.可能是汤姆。

指代上文提到的事物
my pen is missing. i can’t find it anywhere.我的钢笔丢了,我哪儿也找不到它了。milk is good for health. do you like it?牛奶对健康有益。你喜欢吗?

作形式主语或形式宾语,代替动名词、不定式或从句
it is unknown when he will come.他什么时候来还不知道。
it is difficult for us to achieve our goals.实现目标对我们来说很困难。
i find it difficult to work with him.我发现与他一起工作很难。

常用it作形式主语的句式
it is no wonder that…难怪…
it is a pity/shame that…真可惜/丢人…. it seems/appears that…似乎/看起来…
it seems/looks as if/though…看起来好像…. it happens that…碰巧…
it occurs to/comes to/hits sb + that…某人突然想起…
it is said /reported/believed…据说/据报道/人们认为…


相互代词each other(“每个另?个、每个对?”,特指两者之间“彼此”)
you two should help each other.(你们俩应该互相帮助。)
they looked at each
代词——名词的替身,身后的影子!《成人英语语法简译本》章节四插图(2)
other and laughed.(他们看了看彼此然后笑了起来。)

one another(“?个和另?个”,泛指“任何两个”)
we all should try to help one another.(我们都应该尽?互相帮助。)
i think weve learned a lot about one another these days.(我认为这些天我们相互有了很多 了解。)


thatwho told you that?(谁告诉你那件事的?)(代词作直接宾语)
it won’t be that easy.(这件事不会那么容易的。)(副词表程度)
the output of steel this year has increased by 20% compared with that of last year.(今年钢产量?去年(的)增?了百分之??。)(代词作宾语)
he expressed the hope that we would keep in touch with his ?rm.(他表示希望我们与他的公司保持联系。)(引导的同位语从句)
that book is not mine.(那本书不是我的。)(限定词)


合成代词-thing: something, anything, everything, nothing(某事,任何事,每件事,没有什么)
-body: somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody(某?,任何?,每个?,没?)
-one: someone, anyone, everyone, no one(某?,任何?,每个?,没有?)


不定代词代词做限定词或代替名词作名词(实质上是名词短语省略名词)

all, some, many, much, none【所有,?些/某个,许多(可数),许多(不可数),没有】
some people find this more di?cult than others.(这件事有?觉得难,有?觉得不难。)(可数)
theres still some wine in the bottle.(瓶??还有些葡萄酒。)(不可数)
hes in some kind of trouble.(他遇到了什么麻烦。)(某种)

注意:all表示“三者以上的肯定”;none表示“三者以上的否定”。
all (of) the students in our class have watched the movie. (我们班所有的学?都看过那部电影了。)
none of the students in our class has/have watched the movie. (我们班没有学?看过那部电影。)

few, little【很少、?乎没有(可数),很少、?乎没有(不可数)】
he is among the few people i can trust.(他是为数不多的?个我能信任的?之?。)
they have very little money.(他们?头钱很少。)

a few, a little【?点、少的(可数),?点、少的(不可数】
i need to get a few things in town.(我需要到城?买?样东?。)
this sauce needs a little salt.(这种酱汁需要加点盐。)

other, others(其它的,其它)
are there any other questions?(还有其他问题没有?)
others have met similar problems.(其他?遇到过同样的问题。)

one, the other, another【?个,两者当中的另?个,众多当中的另?个(an other)】
i have two dogs. one is a husky, the other a labrador.(我有两条狗。?条是哈?奇,另?条是拉布拉多。)
would you like another drink?(还想再来?杯吗?)

both, each【两者都,(两者或两者以上)各?】
i liked them both.(他俩我都喜欢。)
each answer is worth 20 points.(每题为20分。)

either, neither【两者择?,两者都不(no whether)】
you can park on either side of the street.(这条街两边都可停?。)
he didnt remember and neither did i.(他没记住,我也忘了。)


修饰不定代词的形容词位置因为不定代词本身就是“形容词/限定词+名词”的合成词,some, any等习惯置于前定语的最前部, 所以把前定语的位置占完了;可以把修饰词后置理解为从句的简化。
i’m looking for someplace safe.(我想找某个安全的地?。)(= someplace that is safe)
i want something different.(我想要某种不同的东?。)(= something that is different)
you can’t do anything illegal.(你不能做任何违法的事。)(= anything that is illegal)


some肯定句,any否定句?因为some(?些)和any(任何?个)的意思不同。本质上不是some和any的语法规则问题, ?是句意需要。
i think some of them can speak english.(我觉得他们当中有些?会讲英语。)(突出“集体 中的某个部分”)
i don’t think any of them can speak english.(我不认为他们当中任何?个?会讲英语。) (突出“集体中的任何个体”、“?个也不会”)
is there anyone who speaks english?(有个会讲英语的?吗?)(突出“集体中的任何个 体”、“谁都可以、?个就可以”)

some也可以?于否定句或疑问句,表示字?意思:
is there someone who speaks english?(有谁会说英语吗?)(某?)
greatness is not some precious thing.(伟?不是某种宝贵的东?。)(某种)
can i use some of your paper?(我能?点你的纸吗?)(?些)
could you lend me some money?(你能借我点钱吗?)(?些)
would you like some coffee?(你想来点咖啡吗?)(?些)

any也可以?于肯定句,表示字?意思:
anything is possible.(?切皆有可能。)
代词——名词的替身,身后的影子!《成人英语语法简译本》章节四插图(3)
(?切)
if you have any problems, don’t hesitate to ask me.(如果你有任何问题,别犹豫,直接问 我。)(任何)


下回预告下回我们继续 章节五 介词和介词短语的讨论!如果对你有用,记得让更多的人参与学习!我是有温度的英语陈老师!

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