practices of international trade 世界生意实务measures to encourage export 鼓舞出口的办法
generally, export countries’ governments take economical, administrative measures to stimulate the export of home products and expand foreign markets.
鼓舞出口的办法一般指出口国家的政府经过经济、行政方面的办

法，推进本国产品的出口，并扩展国外商场。
1. export credit 出口信贷
export credit is the loan offered by banks of export country to the home exporters or foreign importers in order to stimulate exports and increase the ability of competition of the exported commodities. it can be divided into two kinds: supplier’s credit and? buyer’s credit in accordance with the relationship between debit and credit.
出口信贷是一个国家为了鼓舞产品出口，增强产品的竞赛力，经过银行对本国出口商或国外进口商供给的告贷。出口信贷按借贷联络可分为卖方信贷和买方信贷。
2. export subsidies 出口补助
export

subsidy is a cash subsidy or favorable fiscal treatment granted by the government to reduce the export price and enhance the competition ability in international market. there are two forms of export subsidy: direct subsidy and indirect subsidy.
出口补助是一国政府为了降低出口产品的价格，增强其在世界商场的竞赛力，在出口时给与出口商的现金补助或财务优惠待遇。出口补助有两种方法：直接补助和直接补助。
classification of subsidies 补助的分类
?? ? ? ?prohibited subsidies 阻止运用补助
?? ? ? ?actionable subsidies 可申述的补助：是指答应运用的补助
?? ? ? non actionable subsidies 不可以申述的补助
3. dumping 产品推销
dumping means that the producer or exporter of a country or region makes sales of a product in the market abroad at the price lower than that usually charged in the home country or even lower than the production cost in order to defeat the competitor to occupy the market.
产品推销是指一国（区域）的出产商或出口商以低于国内商场的价格 ，甚至低于产品出产本钱的价格，在国外商场兜销产品，冲击竞赛对手以占据商场。
dumping

is regarded as an unfair competition act in international trade, violating the principal of fair competition and fair trade.
推销被认为是世界生意中违背公正竞赛与公正生意规则的不合理的商业竞赛行为，是一种不公正的竞赛。
classification of dumping 产品推销的分类
?? ? ? ?sporadic dumping 偶尔性推销? ? ??
?? ? ? ?predatory dumping 掠取式推销? ? ? ? ? ? ??
?? ? ? ?long-run dumping 长时刻推销? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
4. exchange dumping 外汇推销
exchange dumping is that a country manipulates its exchange rates to lower the selling price of its products when calculated

in terms of the foreign currency.
外汇推销是一国降低本国钱银对外国钱银的汇价，使本国的钱银价值降低（本国钱银价值降低有利于出口，晦气于进口），抢夺国外商场的特别办法。?