大学英语语法常识点总结(词法、句式、时态)暑假预习温习必备…


非自创,转发自wx大众号:大学数学语文英语

一、大学英语语法——词法

1、名词
a)、名词的数
咱们晓得名词可以分为可数名词和不可以数名词,而不可以数名词它没有复数方法,但可数名词却有奇数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:
一)在后边加s。如:fathers, books, americans, germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)以子音字母加y结束的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories;

以元音字母加y结束的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o结束加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是子音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f或fe结束的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, chinese, japanese

七)一般只需复数,没有奇数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

8)单词方法不变,既可所以奇数也可所以复数的有:police差人局,差人, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)组成的复数一般只加首要名词,大都为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但假定是由man或woman所构成的组成词的复数则一起为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不一样。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的品种, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work作业 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时刻 times年代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种方法直接加s或’s。如:is (i’s), ks (k’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:ids, vcds, sars

十二) 特别方法的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women,foot-feet,mouse-mice, policeman-policemen,englishman-englishmen

b)名词的格
当咱们要标明或人的啥东西或人时,咱们就要运用一切格方法。构成如下:
一)奇数在后边加’s。如:brother’s, mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s结束的直接在s后加’,假定不是以s结束的与奇数相同处置。如:teachers’ day教师节, classmates’; children’s day六一节, women’s day三8节

三)由and并排的名词一切时,假定是一起一切同一人或物时,只加最终一个’s,但别离具有时却别离按奇数方法处置。如:mike and ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),mike’s and ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 描述词 名词性

第一人称 奇数 i me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称 奇数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称 奇数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词
a) 第三人称奇数
当动词是第三人称奇数时,动词大约像名词的奇数改变词那样加s,如下:

一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以子音字母加y结束的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y结束的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o结束加es。如:does, goes

五)特别的有:are-is, have-has

b) 如今分词
当咱们说或人正在做啥事时,动词要运用分词方法,不能用原形,构成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二)以不发音e的结束的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)以重读闭音节结束且一个元音字母+一个子音字母(留心除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最终的子音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie结束的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、描述词的级
咱们在对两个或以上的人或物进行比照时,则要运用比照或最高档方法。构成如下:

一) 一般在词后加er或est(假定是以e结束则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

二)以重读闭音节结束且1个元音字母+1个子音字母(字母组合在外,如few-fewer fewest)结束的双写结束的子音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三) 以子音字母+y结束的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四)特别情况:(两许多坏,一少老远)
good/well – better best many/much – more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词?

(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自个背;五、8、九、十二;其它后接th;y结束,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth,
大学英语语法常识点总结(词法、句式、时态)暑假预习温习必备…插图

thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

二、大学英语语法——句式

1.陈述句
必定陈述句?

a) this is a book. (be动词)
b) he looks very young. (连系动词)
c) i want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) i can bring some things to school. (神态动词)
e) there’s a computer on my desk. (there be规划)

否定陈述句 a) these aren’t their books. b) they don’t look nice.
c) kate doesn’t go to no. 4 middle school. d) kate can’t find her doll.
e) there isn’t a cat here. (=there’s no cat here.)

2. 祈使句
必定祈使句 a) please go and ask the man. b) let’s learn english!
c) come in, please.

否定祈使句a) don’t be late. b) don’t hurry.

3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) is jim a student? b) can i help you? c) does she like salad?
d) do they watch tv? e) is she reading?

必定答复: a) yes, he is. b) yes, you can. c) yes, she does. d) yes, they do. e) yes, she is.

否定答复: a) no, he isn’t.
大学英语语法常识点总结(词法、句式、时态)暑假预习温习必备…插图

b) no, you can’t. c) no, she doesn’t. d) no, they don’t. e) no, she isn’t.

2) 选择疑问句 is the table big or small? 答复 it’s big./ it’s small.

3) 特别疑问句
① 问年纪 how old is lucy? she is twelve.
② 问品种 what kind of movies do you like? i like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体情况 how is your uncle? he is well/fine.
④ 问方法 how do/can you spell it? l-double o-k.
how do we contact you? my e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
⑤ 问缘由 why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时刻 what’s the time? (=what time is it?) it’s a quarter to ten a.m..
what time do you usually get up, rick? at five o’clock.
when do you want to go? let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问当地 where’s my backpack? it’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 what color are they? they are light blue.
what’s your favourite color? it’s black.
⑨ 问人物 who’s that? it’s my sister.
who is the boy in blue? my brother.
who
大学英语语法常识点总结(词法、句式、时态)暑假预习温习必备…插图

isn’t at school? peter and emma.
who are lisa and tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 what’s this/that (in english)? it’s a pencil case.
what else can you see in the picture? i can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问名字 what’s your aunt’s name? her name is helen./she’s helen.
what’s your first name? my first name’s ben.
what’s your family name? my family name’s smith.
12 问哪一个 which do you like? i like one in the box.
13 问字母 what letter is it? it’s big d/small f.
14 问价格 how much are these pants? they’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 what’s your phone number? it’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) what’s he doing? he’s watching tv.
17 问作业(身份) what do you do? i’m a teacher.
what’s your father? he’s a doctor.

三、大学英语语法——时态

1、一般如今时 标明广泛、常常性的或长时刻性的动作时运用一般如今时,它有:
be 动词:she’s a worker. is she a worker? she isn’t a worker.

神态动词:i can play the piano. can you play the piano? i can’t play the piano.

行为动词:they want to eat some tomatoes. do they want to eat any tomatoes? they don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
gina has a nice watch. does gina have a nice watch? gina doesn’t have a watch.

2、如今进行时 标明动词在此时正在发生或进行就运用进行时态,规划为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

i’m playing baseball. are you playing baseball? i’m not playing baseball.

nancy is writing a letter. is nancy writing a letter? nancy isn’t writing a letter.

they’re listening to the pop music. are they listening the pop music? they aren’t listening to the pop music.

3. ? 描述词的用法:
描述词用以润饰名词,标明人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定语、表语,用于限制被润饰语的特征,如长短、巨细、分量、颜色、高矮、胖瘦、新旧等。

?the little girl is very pretty. 这个小女生极美观。
–i want that one. 我想要那个。
–which one? 哪一个?
–the new blue one. 那个蓝色新的。
can i have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那个大的秀丽的吗?

4、人称代词:
是用来标明人的代词,有奇数和负数之分,有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,是作动词或介词的宾语。
主格:i, we, you, he, she, it, they在语句中作主语

宾格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在语句中作

宾语
?he and i are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。
can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?

5、可数名词和不可以数名词
英语中名词分为可数名词和不可以数名词。但凡可数计数的名词叫做可数名词;但凡不可以以计数的名词叫做不可以数名词。

(1)可数名词分为奇数和复数两种方法。可数名词前可以用不定冠词、数词或some many等润饰。如:a man ?a desk ? an apple ?an orange ?some books ?some children ?tow pens

(2)不可以数名词没有复数方法,前面不能用不定冠词、数词或many等词语润饰,但可以用some ?a little ?much等词语来润饰。有时可以与一些量词短语分配,这些量词短语中的名词一般是可数的,有奇数方法,也可以有复数方法。如:some water ? a little milk ?much food ? a piece of bread ?tow bottles of ink ? ?some glasses of water

6、祈使句
祈使句用来标明恳求、指令等,句中没有主语,必定方法由谓语或许谓语+宾语(+宾语补足语)构成,否定方法则在句前加don’t.
stand up, please. 请起立。 ? ? ? ? ??

don’t worry. 别忧虑。

can的用法:
can是神态动词,标明“能,会,可以,被答应等”,这今后接动词原形,否定方法为cannot,可缩写为can’t.
she can speak japanese. 她会讲日语。
i can’t remember his name. 我不记住他的名字了。
can you spell your name? 你会拼写你的名字吗?

7、如今进行时态:
概念:标明如今(说话片刻间)正在进行或发生的动作,也可以标明当前一段时刻内或现期间正在进行的活动。
规划:由be动词(am, is, are) + 动词ing构成,其间be动词要与主语坚持性数共同。

mary is flying a kite in the park. 玛丽正在公园里放风筝。
–what are you doing now? 你如今在干啥?
–i’m reading english. 我正在读英语。
are they drawing the pictures now? 他们正在画画吗?
动词如今分词是动词原形改变而来的,规则改变如下:
动词ing方法叫动词如今分词,其构成如下:
1)直接在动词后加ing
play—playing, do—doing, talk—talking, sing–singing

2)以不发音的字母e结束的动词,先去e,再加ing
make—making, write—writing, have—having, take—taking

3)以重读闭音节结束的动词且词尾只需一个子音字母,应双写这个子音字母,再加ing
run—running, stop—stopping, put—putting, swim—swimming

留心对如今进行时态的判别。判别一个英语句子用啥时态,首要看语句的时刻状语,一般说来,每种时态都有与之相对应的时刻状语。如今进行时标明如今(说话片刻间)正在进行或发生的动作。因而,这个时态最常用的时刻状语是now;但有不少语句并没有now,只能经过提示语如look、listen等或许经过上下文来断定用如今进行时。
she is cleaning her room now. 她正在打扫房间。
look! the girl is dancing over there. 看!那个女孩在那里跳舞。
can you go and play games with me? 你能和咱们一同做游戏吗?
can’t you see i am doing my homework? 你没看见我正在做作业吗?

8、have/ has的用法:
1)谓语动词have标明“有”,有两种方法:have和has,前者用于第一人称(i, we),第二人称(you)和第三人称复数(they),后者用于第三人称奇数(he, she, it)或奇数名词。

i have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一个苹果,他有两个香蕉。
you have a new english teacher. 你们有了一个新的英语教师。
it has two big eyes. 它有一双大双眼。
julie and jack have a nice car. 朱莉和杰克有一辆美观的车。

2)have/has句型与there be句型的比照:两者都标明“有”,但用法不一样。前者标明所属联络,即标明“或人或某物有啥”,然后者标明存在,标明“某地有啥”。
they have some new books. 他们有一些新书。
there are some new books on their desks. 他们桌子上有一些新书。
she has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有许多秀丽的裙子。
there are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商铺里有许多秀丽的裙子。

3)have/ has的否定句,一般要加助动词do/ does,再加not构成,即do not have (don’t have)/ does not have (doesn’t have)
. she does not have a sister. 她没有姐姐。
we don’t have any classes on saturday. 咱们星期六没有课。
ann and i don’t have a big room. 我和安没有一个大房间。

4)一般疑问句由“助动词do/ does + 主语 + have + 宾语”构成,答复用yes, … do/ does.或许no, … don’t/ doesn’t.
–do you have a big house? 他们的房子大吗?
–no, they don’t. 不,他们的房子不大。
–does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮吗?
–yes, he does. 他有的。

5) 特别疑问句由特别疑问词 + 助动词do/ does + have (+状语)构成。
what do they have? 他们有啥?
what does he have? 他有啥?
how many telephones do they have? 他们有几部电话?

9、介词用法:
1)具体时刻前介词用at。
he gets up at half past seven every day. 他每天七点半起床。
she goes to bed at eleven o’clock. 她十一点睡觉。

2)标明“在早上,鄙人午,在晚上”的短语顶用介词in,且定冠词the不能省掉;标明“在正午,在夜里”的短语中介词用at,不加冠词。

in the morning在早上,in the afternoon 鄙人午,in the evening 在晚上
at noon在正午,at night在夜里

3)标明“在某天”、“在某天的上午、下午等”的短语用介词on。
what do you usually do on monday morning? 星期一上午你一般做啥?
do you sometimes go out to eat on friday evening? 有时你星期五晚上出去吃饭吗?
he watches dvds on saturday night. 星期六晚上他看dvd。

parents take children to parks on june 1. 六月一日,家长们带着孩子去公园。

4)在this, last, next, every等词前面既不加介词,也不必冠词。
what are you doing this afternoon? 今日下午你做啥?
he visits his grandma every friday. 他每个星期五都去看望祖母。
she is going to shanghai next monday. 她下个星期一去上海。

10、一般如今时
一般如今时标明常常性或习气性的动作,或标明如今的特征或状况。
其动词方法是:动词原形(只需第三人称奇数作主语时在外,要加-s)其疑问句和否定句需要用助动词do或does
1)必定句用行为动词原形标明
they get up very early every morning. 他们每天早晨起来很早。
?i visit my grandparents four times a month. 我一个月去看望祖父母四次。

2)否定句用don’t + 动词原形来标明
we do not go shopping on sundays. 咱们周日不去购物。
?i don’t think you like this colour. 我想你不喜爱这个颜色。

3)一般疑问句则是把助动词do提前至句首,后边动词用原形。答复时,必定用 “yes, 主语+do”;否定句用 “no, 主语+don’t”。
–do they go to school at seven o’clock? 他们七点去上学吗?
–yes, they do.
–do you like this skirt? 你喜爱这条裙子吗?
–no, i don’t. 不,我不喜爱。

一般如今时用来标明常常的或习气性的动作,常与以下的时刻状语连用:often 常常,always 老是,sometimes 有时,usually 一般,every day/ week 每天/ 周等。
?he usually goes to school by bike. 一般他骑车上学。
i visit my grandparents every week. 我每个星期都去看祖父母。
she is always late for class. 她老是上课迟到。
my parents and i sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有时出去吃饭。
it often rains here. 这儿常常下雨。

主语为第三人称奇数时的一般如今时
一般如今时态,当主语为第三人称奇数时,谓语动词也要是第三人称奇数,后要加-s或-es。
he likes reading at night. 他喜爱夜里读书。
?she usually goes to school by bike. 她平常骑车上学。
the little cat drinks milk every day. 小猫每天都喝牛奶。

变换成否定句要加doesn’t,这今后的动词用原形。
kelly doesn’t get up early on saturdays and sundays. 凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。
he doesn’t feel well today. 他今日感触不舒畅。

变换成一般疑问句,句首用does,这今后的动词用原形。
does he have lunch at school? 他在学校吃午饭吗?
does it take long by train? 乘火车要很长时刻吗?

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