?代词

一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．人称代词的主格、宾格和一切格?作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用一切格。?描述词性的一切格和名词性的一切格：如my和mine，your和yours等。? ? ?eg. your school is so different from ours (= our school).
2．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在语句中的摆放次序：奇数时为you, he and i；复数时为we, you and they。
3．it用于指人的情况：?a) —who is it/that speaking? ?—it’s mary speaking.?b) —what’s wrong with the baby? —it’s crying loudly.
4．两层一切格的用法?在英语中常常会碰到两层一切格的情况，如a friend of mine，the invention of his等，这种表达法的意思与my friend, his invention根柢相同，只需纤细的不一样。?另外，名词也有两层一切格的表达法，如a friend of my father’s, the invention of professor brown’s等。
5．在标明宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用定冠词the替代一切格。?试比照：the policeman caught the thief by the arm.? ? ? ? ?the young lady carried a small baby in her arm.
6．we students与our students的差异?we students中文为“咱们学生”，“学生”是“咱们”的同位语，用这一词语的时分，说话人是学生。而our students其实是“咱们的学生”，说话人不是学生。当然，用we students的时分，we students有必要是主语，假定是宾语，则用us students。?eg. we students should learn more than book knowledge at school.? ? good teachers always bear us students in mind.
7．反身代词的用法?a)作宾语? ?eg. we must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.? ?留心反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的差异：? ? eg. jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror. （jane的母亲望着镜子中的jane。）? ? ? ?jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror. （jane的母亲望着镜子中的自个。）? ?试译：请好好保重。? ? ? ? ? please take good care of yourself.? ? ? ? ?在幼儿园里，教师会极好地照看你的。? ? ? ? ? teachers will take good care of you in the kindergarten.?b)用作同位语，偏重主语或宾语?eg. i myself would never do such a thing. (= i would never do such a thing myself.)? ? we talked with the mayor himself.?c)反身代词的一些词组? ?by oneself 单独，单独 ?eg. he finished the task by himself.? ?for oneself 为了自个 ? eg. she cooked a meal for herself.? ?between ourselves 就咱们之间 ? ? eg. this is a secret between ourselves.? ?teach oneself sth. 自学… eg. lenin taught himself english when he was in siberia.? ?seat oneself = be seated ?eg. he seated himself at the back of the room.? ?devote oneself to = be devoted to ? 牺牲于
二、指示代词1．this, these常常指下面要讲的东西，而that, those常常指前面讲过的东西。?eg. he always begins his story like this: “once upon a time, there was a …”? ? he was ill. that’s why he didn’t come.
2．that与those可以指代前面说到的名词，常常在比照级的语句中呈现。?eg. the boy told me his story and also that of his sister’s.? ? weather in shanghai is

warmer than that in beijing.? ? the products produced this year are different from those produced last year.
3．this与that可用作副词，放在描述词或副词前，意思恰当于so。?eg. i didn’t expect the exam would be this easy.? ? i can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词1．one?one只能指代可数名词的奇数方法，它与it的不一样之处是it替代前面所说到的名词，是特指的，也就是前面说到的同一件东西，而one替代前面所说到的名词，但它是一种泛指，就是这一类东西中的任何一个。试比照：?i have lost my cell phone and i have to buy one (= a cell phone).?i have bought a new cell phone. i bought it in hong kong.
2．any, some, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything, somethinga)any一般用在否定句，疑问句与条件状语从句中。? eg. —have you any questions? ?—no, i haven’t any.? ? ?please buy some apples if there are any.? any也可以用在必定句中，标明“任何一个”的意思。? ?eg. this is common knowledge. any pupil knows it.b)some一般用在必定句中，但可以用在一种标明聘请的疑问句中。? ?eg.

would you like to have some drinks? (= have some drinks, please.)? ? ? 试比照：have you bought any drinks?? some有时还可以说明为“某个”的意思，恰当于certain。? ?eg. i have read it in some magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)c)anyone, someone, anybody, somebody都是指人，anything, something都是指物。不管是指人仍是指物，都是奇数性质。
3．another与the other等的用法见下表：

奇数?复数泛指?another = another one?other ones = others特指?the other = the other one?the other ones =the others?eg. i don’t like the colour of the shirt. will you please show me another (one/ shirt)?

? ? there were only two shirts left in the shop. i didn’t like the blue one. so i took the other.? ? we have been told that only three of us have passed the exam, and the others have to do it again next week.? ? there are many

children in the park. some are singing, others are dancing.
4．each与every?each恰当于描述词或名词，而every恰当与描述词。?each指两个或两个以上的“每一个”，every指三个或三个以上的“每一个”。?用each的时分，常可偏重“各纷歧样”，而用every时，常偏重“悉数都”。?eg. each of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= the hats cost 30 dollars each.)there are shops on each side of the street.? ? at the meeting, each student expressed his or her own idea.? ? every one of the students agreed with me.
5．everyone与every one? everyone只指人，同everybody。? every one既可指物，也可指人，指人时只用在of短语之前。? eg. no one is absent today. everyone is here.? ? ?all the pictures are beautiful. i like every one of them.
6．all与both；any与either；none与neither?这三对代词的差异是相同的，在与指代数量上的不一样。all, any, none都是指代三个或三个以上，both, either, neither都是指代两者。?eg. all the students like my idea.? ? both his parents are ordinary workers.? ? there are many books in our library. you can borrow any of them.? ? i have two dictionaries. you may take either one.? ? none of my classmates will go there with me.? ? neither of his two brothers could help him during that time.
7．no one, nobody, nothing和none。?no one = nobody，都是指人；nothing指物；none既可指人，也可指物。?no one, nobody, nothing都是奇数性质，none作主语，如指代不可以数名词，看作奇数，假定指代可数名词，既可看作奇数，也可看作复数。?在作否定答复时，用none答复有关于性的人或东西，用no one, nobody, nothing答复无关于性的人或东西。?eg. —who did you see in the office? ?—no one/ nobody.? ? —is there anything in the room? ?—nothing..? ? —is there any water in your bottle? ?—none.? ? —how many students have been chosen in your class this time? ?—none.
8．not与all, both, every连用?not与all, both, every连用时都是有些否定，意思是“不尽是”。eg. all that glitters is not gold.? not every student can solve the problem.? both of his parents are not at home, today.?试析：? ?don’t spit ____ (anywhere/ everywhere).